27.01.09John Macadam / Earthwords, geologist & writer
Macadam, MacAdam and McAdam ... and tarmac and Macadamia
27.01.09
You may have ended up at this website after searching for Macadam, MacAdam, or McAdam (or Macadams, MacAdams or McAdams), or even M'Adam, so to save you from a totally wasted time here are some scraps of information about some other people with these surnames - and something about Macadamia nuts and macadam roads.
First, macadam roads:
John Loudon MacAdam (1756-1836) was born in Ayr, Scotland, made
a lot of money in North America,
and then, when he was on the wrong side during the War of Independence, judiciously returned to Scotland
with what he could salvage of his fortune. He experimented with road design in
Ayrshire and later, from 1798, around Falmouth, in Cornwall, where he was
employed as the agent to revictual navy ships in the western ports. He designed an improved way of making roads so traffic load was spread
and the cambered surface shed water: Macadam roads. It has been described as the first
improvement in road-making since the Romans, and, indeed, according to the
second edition (1906) of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography
(published by the Oxford University Press) "his process adopted in all parts of
the civilised world" - so that defines civilisation for you! He published
"Present State of Road-making" in 1820. He retired to Moffat in Scotland where his
tomb is in the old cemetery. 'Tarmac', a proprietary term dating from
1903, consisted of crushed stone coated with tar: tar was either from natural
tar-pits or else a by-product of
gasworks, which used to make gas ('town gas') from coal, before there were major
supplies of natural gas. Bitumen, made from crude oil, is now used as a binder (hence 'bitmac' for non-cement-bound
roads), but whatever the binder modern roads are still based on John MacAdam's principles
(some may wish for a more technical treatment.
Or this short US paper.). Incidentally,
Thomas Telford's roads were considered a better design at the time, but as they required shaped stone
('setts') they were more expensive and were not generally adopted. There are
accounts of John Loudon MacAdam's life
on the McAdams Historical Society website.
Now, Macadamia nuts:
Dr.
John Macadam (1827-1865) gave his name to Macadamia nuts. The
genus Macadamia
was first described
botanically
in 1858 by Dr. Ferdinand Mueller (1825-1896), naming the new genus in
honour of his friend Dr. John Macadam, "the talented and deserving secretary of our
institute" (the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, now the Royal Society
of Victoria). Although the genus
may have been new to science the aboriginal Australians had been enjoying the
nuts for
quite some years, and had their own names for them: there's
more about
Macadamia below.
John Macadam (see left) was a doctor of medicine, government chemical analyst, Melbourne city health officer, lecturer in Melbourne University, and member of parliament and minister of Victoria, Australia. He studied chemistry at Anderson's (now Strathclyde) University and Edinburgh University, then medicine at Glasgow University, graduating in 1854, and arrived in Australia the following year. Initially he taught chemistry and natural science at the Scotch College in Melbourne, but in 1862 also began lecturing in chemistry for the new medical school of the university, becoming the first Professor of Theoretical and Practical Chemistry of the Medical School of Melbourne University in 1865. He also entered politics, serving in the legislative assembly of Victoria from 1859 to 1864, including being postmaster-general in1861. He died in 1865, at the age of 38, on board the S.S. Alhambra en route to New Zealand, where he had been summoned as a expert witness in a murder trial: he had suffered broken ribs with complications on a previous journey to New Zealand. His spectacular funeral was attended by the Mayor of Melbourne, the Chief Justice of Victoria, the chancellor of the university, members of parliament and of the Royal Society of Victoria, and many others, including his youngest brother, George Robert Macadam (1837-1918), a teacher who is buried in Avoca, a hundred or so miles from Melbourne. John's grave, topped by a marble obelisk, is in Melbourne General Cemetery, and he has an entry in the on-line Australian Dictionary of Biography, and in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. He had two sons who died in infancy (when? please see footnote), and are recorded on the obelisk. George Robert had a son (George) and a daughter, and later grandchildren, and at least one family member of the next generation emigrated to Australia. This was William Macadam, born 30 August 1847, who had 9 children and was living in Radium in 1906, so probably there are descendants of both George Robert and William still in Australia. (There are several people with the surname Macadam in the Australian phone directories).
Two more of John Macadam's brothers.
Stevenson Macadam (1829-1901) ("Stevie")
became professor of chemistry in Edinburgh,
and a founder member of the Institute of Chemistry. His PhD was from Giessen, and he worked for a time with Bunsen, of bunsen burner fame. One of Stevenson's sons,
William Ivison Macadam
(1855-1902), ("Willie"), also became a professor of chemistry (at Edinburgh's Royal College of
Surgeons) but he was shot dead in his lab, along with a student, by one of his staff, "by a lunatic"
according to a contemporary account.
William Ivison Macadam was also a Brigade Major in the Forth Volunteer Brigade
of the Royal Scots, with the rank of Colonel: the murderer was also a volunteer
so the fact that he was armed was not considered surprising, apparently.
Another of John Macadam's brothers, Charles Thomas Macadam
(1832-1906), ("Charlie"), was my great-grandfather. As a young man he
moved south and joined Odams, a major importer of guano from South America, which was later
taken over by Fisons (later taken over by ICI, which was taken over by Akzo
Nobel), and eventually became the
manager, and on his retirement a director of the company. He had a royal warrant
as "Purveyor of Chemical Manures" to Queen Victoria. One of William Ivison's son's,
Ivison Stevenson Macadam (1894-1974) ("Ivison"), helped set up the National Union of
Students and was its first president. He married an American (Caroline Ladd Corbett - from Portland, Oregon -
where there is an area called Macadam - there used to be a roadside webcam on I-5 at
Macadam! Sadly it was only in black and white. Is this Macadam named after a
person, or a road?). Ivison studied at King's College, University of London, where
the Student Union building - the Macadam Building - is named in his honour. He was the Director-General
of Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) from 1946 to 1955,
and was knighted in 1955. His wikipedia entry
has more information. All three - Stevenson, William Ivison and Ivison
Stevenson - were elected Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1855, 1888
and 1945 respectively).
Around 1800 the spelling of the family name seems to have changed from MacAdam to
Macadam, but at least one member of the family is still using MacAdam in a
letter as late as 1877. The left hand picture shows
William
Macadam (or MacAdam
- it is spelt both ways on his contemporaneous documents), (1783-1853),
who was the father of Dr John, Stevenson, Charles Thomas, George Robert and
their 3 sisters (Helen Grindlay, Mary Elison and Margaret).
William was a bailie (magistrate), and also a burgess (see below)
both of Glasgow (as was
his father - John McAdam, born about 1750/60) and of Calton, and had a factory in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire
(printing calico). People called McAdam are thick on the ground in that area:
John MacAdam was a weaver and there seems to have been another John MacAdam who
was a weaver and guild brother in Glasgow at the same time.
The profession of John McAdam is given as weaver on the register of births and
baptisms recording William's birth in 1783, and on his burgess ticket of 1786 it is
given as merchant, while that of his father-in-law, William ffinlay, is given as wright
(i.e. carpenter). On William
ffinlay's ticket of 1754 the profession of his father - John ffinlay - is given as maltman
(i.e. brewer. In 1783/4 a William Findlay had a pub in Trongate - and earlier
Findlays were maltmen back to the mid-C17. Most of the other Findlays in John
Tait's Glasgow Directory of 1783/4 were wrights.).
[ffinlay, Finlay and Findlay are interchangeable spellings] On William's burgess ticket of 25 August 1815 his father (John McAdam) is given as 'deceased'. William Macadam married first Rachel
Gentle in
1813, then in 1825 he married Helen Ann Stevenson (1803-1857) - the second
picture shows her late in life. Her
father farmed at Park Farm in Clackmannan. William had a sister, Margaret, born
in 1788, who married and emigrated to America, and a brother, John, who may have
died in infancy as only his birth is recorded (in 1794) and family records do
not mention him, nor did he become a burgess and guild brother - or maybe he
emigrated too? In a late note in the family records it says William also
had a half-brother, John, who
emigrated to America - but maybe there was some confusion about brother,
half-brother and
brother-in-law? William's child with Rachel Gentle was also called William
(who went to live in Liverpool and had a family, and seems to
have been the first chemist in the family), and then with Helen Stevenson he had 7 children, producing another brew of chemists (and others!).
According to Hazel Wyle, and the late Joe McAdams of the
McAdams Historical Society, who have researched the connections there seem to be McAdam/Stevenson
links going back to the 1600s so maybe William Macadam
and Helen Anne Stevenson were 'kissing cousins' who married.
Edwin Laming Macadam has produced a growing and well-structured Macadam history from the 18th century based mostly on his own researches but partly on Hazel's work and also on stuff I have dug out from the family records. Most of the records were collected and organised by my grandfather (Charles Leslie Bernard Macadam, 1866-1955 - "Leslie" - who also worked in Odams), who was an executor to the will of his father, Charles Thomas (1832-1906). Charles Thomas' grandmother - Helen Stevenson (nee Grindlay) left a rather complicated will with named descendants having a life interest which was to be then subdivided among their children. The latter (so I was told by my father - Douglas Leslie Dehane Macadam, 1899-1984) ("Douglas" or "Dooks") were hard to trace across the globe. By the time solicitors had found as many as they could each received half a crown (or something - "half a crown" - 12 1/2 p - signified not much, financially!) and were no doubt grateful that their great/great-great grandmother had made provision for them; the legal profession was no doubt grateful too. The Dehanes come in via my grandmother, Kate Sophia Tabrum, ("Kits") as some of her ancestors were Huguenots, probably from near Amiens ("de Haan"?), who arrived as refugees in Leith, probably sometime after 1704. They were not totally destitute as we can presume they brought silverware with them because in the C19 the Dehane family silver was given away, outside the family, and when the generous donor was reproached by another family member, saying it really wasn't his to give away, he replied in a letter, writing that he had far more silver than he could ever use! Ouch!
More about Macadamia
There appear to be about 10 species of which 6 are endemic to Australia, the
others being native to New Caledonia and the Celebes. Only M. integrifolia
(see left) and M. tetraphylla
produce edible nuts and
are cultivated, while others have poisonous cyanide-rich nuts. Cultivation is now worldwide where there is a suitable
frost-free climate e.g. in Australia, Hawaii, California, Brazil, Colombia South Africa and
Zimbabwe... as a web-search will soon
show you! The cultivated nuts are sometimes known as 'Queensland nuts' but
there were, and are, other names - including Mullimbimby Nut (so the
genus could have easily been called Mullimbimbia: "One pistachio and one
mullimbimbia ice cream, please"), and Boomera, Burrawang and
Kindal Kindal in Aboriginal languages.
The Australian Macadamia Society has useful information about the
nuts and their cultivation. Australia's
scientific research organisation, CSIRO, has lots of
information on Macadamia and its gene bank, and there's
information from Purdue University,
and a Macadamia file on the ASGAP pages
(Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants - Macadamias are worth
around $A120 million p.a. to the Australian economy). In Sydney you can find
Macadamia in the Royal Botanic Gardens
(between the Opera House and the Art Gallery of NSW), and
there's a botanical drawing of M. integrifolia.
For those living in the UK there's a 30 year old Macadamia integrifolia,
plus a younger M. tetraphylla, growing
in the glasshouses at the Royal Botanic Gardens at
Kew, plus a single small one in the Palm House in Oxford Botanic Garden, and in Cornwall there's
one in the
tropical biome at
the Eden Project, just beside the last
banana as you walk through (but it looked a bit sick in March 2007). You can see
what the enormous greenhouses at Eden look like by watching the James Bond film, Die Another Day.
Visitors to Kew may be surprised that the 30 year old M. integrifolia -
in the Temperate House - is a mere shrub whereas the much more recently planted
M. tetraphylla - in the Palm House - is much larger: the reason is the
monarchy (or Monarchy). The tetraphylla was planted by the late HM
the Queen Mother when she re-opened the restored Palm House in around 1990: you
do not give royalty little seedlings to plant! The integrifolia, on
the other hand, was probably grown by Kew gardeners from seed - or so I was told
by the gardener who was responsible for that area.
Probably the best information is in the Rosengarten's Book of Edible Nuts, starting from page 116, and now scanned by Google Books (the book is still in copyright).
There's a 1959 article about Macadamia species from the California Macadamia Society's Yearbook. Possibly the taxonomy has been revised in the last 50 years - certainly a new Macadamia (M. jansenii) from Queensland was described in 1992, and is now on the endangered species list.
The Australian Macadamia Society has many recipes using macadamia nuts.
Macadam web fictions
Despite what you may find on the web Dr John Macadam did NOT discover Macadamias, and he did NOT first
cultivate them. You can even find the remarkable statement that "Dr. Macadam then
introduced this wonderful find to Hawaii around 1881" .....
that's over a
decade after his death! John Loudon MacAdam would also no doubt turn in his
grave about some of the description of macadam roads! Even when he was
alive he had problems with workers not following his specifications about stone
size, and consequently the so-called Macadam roads failing.
Throughout Dr John's life he spelled his surname 'Macadam'. I do not know if John Loudon MacAdam used various spellings - quite possibly so as the spelling of surnames was not fixed when he was alive.
Macadam and McAdam place-names
As well as Macadamia there are three
'Macadam' landscape features (Macadam Range, Macadam Plains,
and Macadam Creek) and four McAdam features
(Mount McAdam, McAdam Gap, McAdam Hill and McAdams Vineyard - all in Victoria) in Australia.
Some may be
named after John Macadam, possibly as a result of the
Burke and Wills Expedition,
for which he was the
honorary secretary of the expedition committee. Some of John Loudon MacAdam's family also went to New Zealand. Ferdinand Mueller, who named
Macadamia, later became Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, as well as a knight,
and a Fellow of the Royal Society; there are more places in Australia named
after him than anyone else.
John Macadam and John MacAdam
Whether John Loudon MacAdam is a distant relative is unknown
- Loudon/Louden appears in one of 'our' names too, and it is a place-name in
Ayrshire. Dr
John Macadam obviously found Moffat - where John Loudon MacAdam retired to -
attractive, as he ends a Report on, and chemical analyses of, the Moffat
mineral waters, published in the Glasgow Medical Journal in 1854 with
"the ancient reputation of the spas of Moffat may thus have a well-assured and
rational basis, and the wanderer after that greatest of all earthly blessings,
HEALTH, may have his attention directed towards the most delightful of villages
- to its salubrious streams, its still lakes, its rural quiet, and bracing
mountain air." They don't write scientific papers like that any more! Were
the two men related? Both seem to have come from the MacAdam family of
Waterhead - but the common ancestor could well have been several generations
earlier.
Macadam DNA
There's a Clan McGregor family DNA project in which McAdams (of all
spellings) are taking part. You can find out more on the McAdam/McGregor
DNA Project page, and if you are interested in genealogy there's lots more
family history.
The Y DNA for this branch of the Macadam family (i.e. mine) looks like this:
There are three McAdams in North America with identical DNA on these 12 markers,
but they trace their ancestors back to Northern Ireland, where presumably
McAdams had migrated to as part of the Scottish colonisation of Ireland in the
seventeenth century.
Burgesses and Guild Brothers
Burgesses were the men who had voting rights and who managed a town. They had to be over 21 and live in the town, and usually they inherited the status from their fathers, though a burgess-ship could also be purchased, or in exceptional circumstances granted gratis. Son-in-laws of burgesses could also be made burgesses, thus making the daughters of burgesses rather attractive in the marriage market.Guild brothers were members of one of the trade guilds, and most, but not all, were also burgesses. The guild trades included maltman (brewer), cooper (barrel-maker), weaver, cordiner (shoemaker), tailor, baxter (baker), tanner, hammerman (blacksmith/armourer), cooper (barrelmaker), mason and wright (carpenter/shipwright). Guilds governed themselves, maintaining standards and training apprentices. They also had a charitable function for their members and widows who fell on hard times.
The trade guilds fixed prices and protected their members’ livelihoods from outside competition, charging market dues on others who wished to bring goods to market, and on tradesmen from other towns. This trading monopoly was abolished in 1846.
Those without voting rights – ‘unfreemen’ – worked for a wage (i.e. as ‘journeymen’) for burgesses/guild brothers, or were unskilled labourers, carters, drovers, etc, while their wives and daughters might have been working as maids. The guilds protected their members from falling into this underclass. The guilds themselves seem to have been stratified with merchants having higher status (and wealth!) compared to mere tradesmen.
So possibly the 'first' John McAdam was a weaver who was an unfreeman but who became a burgess by marrying Margaret Finlay, the daughter of a burgess, William ffinlay. But on his son William's burgess ticket of 1786 his occupation is given as merchant so he had come a long way! Another possibility is that John McAdam was born somewhere else, and may have been in a guild in another town.
The burgesses and guild brothers of Glasgow are recorded in two volumes published in 1925 by the Scottish Record Society and edited by James R. Anderson:
The Burgesses and Guild Brethren of Glasgow, 1573 -1750.
The Burgesses and Guild Brethren of Glasgow, 1751 – 1846.
Footnote:
Dr John Macadam's two children were:
John Melnotte Macadam, August 29 1858 - January 30 1859
William Castlemaine Macadam, July 2 1860 - ......?.... (it's on the father's
tombstone, but cannot be read on the photograph my daughter took - for
completeness I'd be glad to know!). John represented Castlemaine in the Victoria
parliament but Melnotte is a name not otherwise known in the family so I suspect
it came from his wife, Elizabeth Clark (of whom we know little except that she
married again - a Reverend Dickey).
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